Red-topped tubes have no anticoagulant and are for tests done on serum, which includes blood chemistry, serologic testing and drug monitoring some may be marked differently to indicate they have an added gel that facilitates separation of serum from cells lavender- topped tubes contain EDTA anticoagulant and are used for general hematology ![]() There is general uniformity between commercial laboratories in color coding of tube markings and stoppers, indicating which ones are suitable for what tests. These may contain various additives appropriate to the requirements of the test(s) being requested. Dairy cattle spend 40–65% of their time lying down and the quality and management of bedding and housing for dairy cattle has a major influence on udder health.īlood collection tubes containers used to transport blood samples collected for laboratory analysis. ![]() The latter is a practicable solution for animals that have difficulty rising either because of infirmity or because of slipperiness of the flooring. Some of the materials used are cereal straws, ferns or bracken harvested for the purpose, peat moss, sawdust and shavings, shredded paper, especially newsprint, sand, mats made from reconstituted rubber and indoor–outdoor carpet. Things to avoid are palatability, e.g., salty sand, good oatstraw containing a lot of grain, shavings and sawdust from timber treated with wood preservatives or irritant resins, e.g., black walnut shavings. The need is for cost-effectiveness, softness with durability, freedom from dust or poisonous components, and springiness and avoidance of compaction. The materials vary widely, each having advantages. See also bacteria.īedding materials used to provide comfort, conservation of body heat, protection of bony prominences and ease of cleaning. The capsule can protect the bacterium from phagocytosis. Pili may be involved in conjugation, secretion, motility, and/or adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells. Bacteria can have extracellular structures: flagella, which are rotating locomotor organelles pili or fimbriae, which are filamentous appendages and a capsule, which is a layer of gelatinous material around the cell. Some antimicrobial agents, the penicillins and cephalosporins, act by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall outside of the cell membrane primarily composed of a dense layer of peptidoglycan, a network of polysaccharide chains with polypeptide cross-links. Some bacteria can form spores, dehydrated forms that are resistant to heat, cold, lack of water, toxic chemicals and radiation. Genetic material can be transferred between bacteria by three processes: transformation (absorption of naked DNA), transduction (transfer by a temperate bacteriophage), and conjugation (transfer by independently replicating DNA molecules, called plasmids). Bacteria reproduce by binary fission and generally have a very high rate of population growth and mutation. Most have a single double-stranded DNA chromosome in contrast to eukaryotes, which have multiple chromosomes, which are complex structures of DNA and protein. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that differ from all other organisms (the eukaryotes) in lacking a true nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.Bacterium pl. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. Links to other sites are provided for information only – they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. ![]() The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy editorial process and privacy policy. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M.
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